Which scenario could be classified as an act of academic fraud?

An act of academic fraud involves dishonesty or deception in an academic setting, and all the scenarios presented reflect various forms of such misconduct.

A student submitting another's work as their own exemplifies academic fraud because it constitutes plagiarism, which misrepresents the student's individual effort and learning. This form of deceit undermines the standards of integrity and accountability that educational institutions uphold.

A teacher unfairly giving extra credit points is also an act of fraud as it compromises the fairness of the grading system. This scenario implies that the teacher is manipulating academic rewards in a way that does not reflect the actual performance or effort of the students, thereby misleading other students, parents, and school administration.

Similarly, if a school alters grades, it is committing academic fraud by misrepresenting students' performance achievements. This action not only affects individual students' academic records but also damages the institution's credibility.

Each scenario highlights a breach of ethical conduct within an educational framework, which is why the correct assessment encompasses all of them as acts of academic fraud.